Re-synchronization management in LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum

ABSTRACT

Management of re-synchronization procedures for long term evolution (LTE)/LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems with unlicensed spectrum is disclosed. In managing re-synchronization procedures, a base station selects and sends out an enablement indication of the uplink and/or downlink re-synchronization procedure selected. The base station may select the re-synchronization procedures by itself or in coordination with neighboring base stations. Once the indication for the uplink re-synchronization procedure is received at a user equipment (UE), the UE performs its extended clear channel assessment (ECCA) check, but, when the ECCA check is successful, the UE will delay data transmission until the next re-synchronization boundary defined by the selected uplink re-synchronization procedure. With the delayed transmission, the UE performs a clear channel assessment (CCA) check prior to the re-synchronization boundary in order to determine whether the channel is still clear for transmission after the idle period.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/043,634, entitled, “RE-SYNCHRONIZATION MANAGEMENT INLTE/LTE-A WITH UNLICENSED SPECTRUM,” filed on Aug. 29, 2014, which isexpressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Field

Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wirelesscommunication systems, and more particularly, to re-synchronizationmanagement in long term evolution (LTE)/LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) withunlicensed spectrum.

Background

Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide variouscommunication services such as voice, video, packet data, messaging,broadcast, and the like. These wireless networks may be multiple-accessnetworks capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the availablenetwork resources. Such networks, which are usually multiple accessnetworks, support communications for multiple users by sharing theavailable network resources. One example of such a network is theUniversal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). The UTRAN is theradio access network (RAN) defined as a part of the Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS), a third generation (3G) mobile phonetechnology supported by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).Examples of multiple-access network formats include Code DivisionMultiple Access (CDMA) networks, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)networks, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) networks, OrthogonalFDMA (OFDMA) networks, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks.

A wireless communication network may include a number of base stationsor node Bs that can support communication for a number of userequipments (UEs). A UE may communicate with a base station via downlinkand uplink. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communicationlink from the base station to the UE, and the uplink (or reverse link)refers to the communication link from the UE to the base station.

A base station may transmit data and control information on the downlinkto a UE and/or may receive data and control information on the uplinkfrom the UE. On the downlink, a transmission from the base station mayencounter interference due to transmissions from neighbor base stationsor from other wireless radio frequency (RF) transmitters. On the uplink,a transmission from the UE may encounter interference from uplinktransmissions of other UEs communicating with the neighbor base stationsor from other wireless RF transmitters. This interference may degradeperformance on both the downlink and uplink.

As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, thepossibilities of interference and congested networks grows with more UEsaccessing the long-range wireless communication networks and moreshort-range wireless systems being deployed in communities. Research anddevelopment continue to advance the UMTS technologies not only to meetthe growing demand for mobile broadband access, but to advance andenhance the user experience with mobile communications.

SUMMARY

In one aspect of the disclosure, a method of wireless communicationincludes determining, by a base station, a downlink enablement statusfor a downlink re-synchronization procedure over an unlicensed spectrum,and transmitting, by the base station, a downlink status indicationidentifying the downlink enablement status.

In an additional aspect of the disclosure, a method of wirelesscommunication including receiving, at a UE, an indication identifying anuplink re-synchronization procedure for use in an unlicensed spectrum,performing, by the UE, an extended clear channel assessment (ECCA)check, in response to detecting data for transmission, delayingtransmission, by the UE, in response to successfully completing the ECCAcheck prior to a re-synchronization boundary defined in the uplinkre-synchronization procedure, performing, by the UE, a clear channelassessment (CCA) check in a subframe preceding the re-synchronizationboundary, and transmitting, by the UE, the data beginning at there-synchronization boundary in response to successfully completing theCCA check.

In an additional aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus configured forwireless communication includes means for determining, by a basestation, a downlink enablement status for a downlink re-synchronizationprocedure over an unlicensed spectrum, and means for transmitting, bythe base station, a downlink status indication identifying the downlinkenablement status.

In an additional aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus configured forwireless communication including means for receiving, at a UE, anindication identifying an uplink re-synchronization procedure for use inan unlicensed spectrum, means for performing, by the UE, an ECCA check,in response to detecting data for transmission, means for delayingtransmission, by the UE, in response to successfully completing the ECCAcheck prior to a re-synchronization boundary defined in the uplinkre-synchronization procedure, means for performing, by the UE, a CCAcheck in a subframe preceding the re-synchronization boundary, and meansfor transmitting, by the UE, the data beginning at there-synchronization boundary in response to successfully completing theCCA check.

In an additional aspect of the disclosure, a computer-readable mediumhaving program code recorded thereon. This program code includes code todetermine, by a base station, a downlink enablement status for adownlink re-synchronization procedure over an unlicensed spectrum, andcode to transmit, by the base station, a downlink status indicationidentifying the downlink enablement status.

In an additional aspect of the disclosure, a computer-readable mediumhaving program code recorded thereon. This program code includes code toreceive, at a UE, an indication identifying an uplink re-synchronizationprocedure for use in an unlicensed spectrum, code to perform, by the UE,an ECCA check, in response to detecting data for transmission, code todelay transmission, by the UE, in response to successfully completingthe ECCA check prior to a re-synchronization boundary defined in theuplink re-synchronization procedure, code to perform, by the UE, a CCAcheck in a subframe preceding the re-synchronization boundary, and codeto transmit, by the UE, the data beginning at the re-synchronizationboundary in response to successfully completing the CCA check.

In an additional aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus includes atleast one processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The processoris configured to determine, by a base station, a downlink enablementstatus for a downlink re-synchronization procedure over an unlicensedspectrum, and to transmit, by the base station, a downlink statusindication identifying the downlink enablement status.

In an additional aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus includes atleast one processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The processoris configured to receive, at a UE, an indication identifying an uplinkre-synchronization procedure for use in an unlicensed spectrum, toperform, by the UE, an ECCA check, in response to detecting data fortransmission, to delay transmission, by the UE, in response tosuccessfully completing the ECCA check prior to a re-synchronizationboundary defined in the uplink re-synchronization procedure, to perform,by the UE, a CCA check in a subframe preceding the re-synchronizationboundary, and to transmit, by the UE, the data beginning at there-synchronization boundary in response to successfully completing theCCA check.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a diagram that illustrates an example of a wirelesscommunications system according to various embodiments.

FIG. 2A shows a diagram that illustrates examples of deploymentscenarios for using LTE in an unlicensed spectrum according to variousembodiments.

FIG. 2B shows a diagram that illustrates another example of a deploymentscenario for using LTE in an unlicensed spectrum according to variousembodiments.

FIG. 3 shows a diagram that illustrates an example of carrieraggregation when using LTE concurrently in licensed and unlicensedspectrum according to various embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating a design of a basestation/eNB and a UE configured according to one aspect of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating communication frames of twoload-based UEs.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a wireless network configuredaccording to one aspect of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a transmission segment overunlicensed spectrum in a wireless system configured according to oneaspect of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 8 and 9 are functional block diagrams illustrating example blocksexecuted to implement aspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below, in connection with theappended drawings, is intended as a description of variousconfigurations and is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.Rather, the detailed description includes specific details for thepurpose of providing a thorough understanding of the inventive subjectmatter. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that thesespecific details are not required in every case and that, in someinstances, well-known structures and components are shown in blockdiagram form for clarity of presentation.

Operators have so far looked at WiFi as the primary mechanism to useunlicensed spectrum to relieve ever increasing levels of congestion incellular networks. However, a new carrier type (NCT) based on LTE/LTE-Aincluding an unlicensed spectrum may be compatible with carrier-gradeWiFi, making LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum an alternative to WiFi.LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum may leverage LTE concepts and mayintroduce some modifications to physical layer (PHY) and media accesscontrol (MAC) aspects of the network or network devices to provideefficient operation in the unlicensed spectrum and to meet regulatoryrequirements. The unlicensed spectrum may range from 600 Megahertz (MHz)to 6 Gigahertz (GHz), for example. In some scenarios, LTE/LTE-A withunlicensed spectrum may perform significantly better than WiFi. Forexample, an all LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum deployment (forsingle or multiple operators) compared to an all WiFi deployment, orwhen there are dense small cell deployments, LTE/LTE-A with unlicensedspectrum may perform significantly better than WiFi. LTE/LTE-A withunlicensed spectrum may perform better than WiFi in other scenarios suchas when LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum is mixed with WiFi (forsingle or multiple operators).

For a single service provider (SP), an LTE/LTE-A network with unlicensedspectrum may be configured to be synchronous with a LTE network on thelicensed spectrum. However, LTE/LTE-A networks with unlicensed spectrumdeployed on a given channel by multiple SPs may be configured to besynchronous across the multiple SPs. One approach to incorporate boththe above features may involve using a constant timing offset betweenLTE/LTE-A networks without unlicensed spectrum and LTE/LTE-A networkswith unlicensed spectrum for a given SP. An LTE/LTE-A network withunlicensed spectrum may provide unicast and/or multicast servicesaccording to the needs of the SP. Moreover, an LTE/LTE-A network withunlicensed spectrum may operate in a bootstrapped mode in which LTEcells act as anchor and provide relevant cell information (e.g., radioframe timing, common channel configuration, system frame number or SFN,etc.) for LTE/LTE-A cells with unlicensed spectrum. In this mode, theremay be close interworking between LTE/LTE-A without unlicensed spectrumand LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum. For example, the bootstrappedmode may support the supplemental downlink and the carrier aggregationmodes described above. The PHY-MAC layers of the LTE/LTE-A network withunlicensed spectrum may operate in a standalone mode in which theLTE/LTE-A network with unlicensed spectrum operates independently froman LTE network without unlicensed spectrum. In this case, there may be aloose interworking between LTE without unlicensed spectrum and LTE/LTE-Awith unlicensed spectrum based on RLC-level aggregation with co-locatedLTE/LTE-A with/without unlicensed spectrum cells, or multiflow acrossmultiple cells and/or base stations, for example.

The techniques described herein are not limited to LTE, and may also beused for various wireless communications systems such as CDMA, TDMA,FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and other systems. The terms “system” and“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement aradio technology such as CDMA2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(UTRA), etc. CDMA2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards.IS-2000 Releases 0 and A are commonly referred to as CDMA2000 1×, 1×,etc. IS-856 (TIA-856) is commonly referred to as CDMA2000 1×EV-DO, HighRate Packet Data (HRPD), etc. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) andother variants of CDMA. A TDMA system may implement a radio technologysuch as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA systemmay implement a radio technology such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB),Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE802.20, Flash-OFDM, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal MobileTelecommunication System (UMTS). LTE and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) are newreleases of UMTS that use E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, andGSM are described in documents from an organization named “3rdGeneration Partnership Project” (3GPP). CDMA2000 and UMB are describedin documents from an organization named “3rd Generation PartnershipProject 2” (3GPP2). The techniques described herein may be used for thesystems and radio technologies mentioned above as well as other systemsand radio technologies. The description below, however, describes an LTEsystem for purposes of example, and LTE terminology is used in much ofthe description below, although the techniques are applicable beyond LTEapplications.

Thus, the following description provides examples, and is not limitingof the scope, applicability, or configuration set forth in the claims.Changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elementsdiscussed without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.Various embodiments may omit, substitute, or add various procedures orcomponents as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may beperformed in an order different from that described, and various stepsmay be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described withrespect to certain embodiments may be combined in other embodiments.

Referring first to FIG. 1, a diagram illustrates an example of awireless communications system or network 100. The system 100 includesbase stations (or cells) 105, communication devices 115, and a corenetwork 130. The base stations 105 may communicate with thecommunication devices 115 under the control of a base station controller(not shown), which may be part of the core network 130 or the basestations 105 in various embodiments. Base stations 105 may communicatecontrol information and/or user data with the core network 130 throughbackhaul links 132. In embodiments, the base stations 105 maycommunicate, either directly or indirectly, with each other overbackhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless communication links.The system 100 may support operation on multiple carriers (waveformsignals of different frequencies). Multi-carrier transmitters cantransmit modulated signals simultaneously on the multiple carriers. Forexample, each communication link 125 may be a multi-carrier signalmodulated according to the various radio technologies described above.Each modulated signal may be sent on a different carrier and may carrycontrol information (e.g., reference signals, control channels, etc.),overhead information, data, etc.

The base stations 105 may wirelessly communicate with the devices 115via one or more base station antennas. Each of the base station 105sites may provide communication coverage for a respective geographicarea 110. In some embodiments, base stations 105 may be referred to as abase transceiver station, a radio base station, an access point, a radiotransceiver, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), aNodeB, eNodeB (eNB), Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or some other suitableterminology. The coverage area 110 for a base station may be dividedinto sectors making up only a portion of the coverage area (not shown).The system 100 may include base stations 105 of different types (e.g.,macro, micro, and/or pico base stations). There may be overlappingcoverage areas for different technologies.

In some embodiments, the system 100 is an LTE/LTE-A network thatsupports one or more unlicensed spectrum modes of operation ordeployment scenarios. In other embodiments, the system 100 may supportwireless communications using an unlicensed spectrum and an accesstechnology different from LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum, or alicensed spectrum and an access technology different from LTE/LTE-A. Theterms evolved Node B (eNB) and user equipment (UE) may be generally usedto describe the base stations 105 and devices 115, respectively. Thesystem 100 may be a Heterogeneous LTE/LTE-A network with or withoutunlicensed spectrum in which different types of eNBs provide coveragefor various geographical regions. For example, each eNB 105 may providecommunication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell,and/or other types of cell. Small cells such as pico cells, femto cells,and/or other types of cells may include low power nodes or LPNs. A macrocell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., severalkilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs withservice subscriptions with the network provider. A pico cell wouldgenerally cover a relatively smaller geographic area and may allowunrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions with the networkprovider. A femto cell would also generally cover a relatively smallgeographic area (e.g., a home) and, in addition to unrestricted access,may also provide restricted access by UEs having an association with thefemto cell (e.g., UEs in a closed subscriber group (CSG), UEs for usersin the home, and the like). An eNB for a macro cell may be referred toas a macro eNB. An eNB for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico eNB.And, an eNB for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto eNB or a homeeNB. An eNB may support one or multiple (e.g., two, three, four, and thelike) cells.

The core network 130 may communicate with the eNBs 105 via a backhaul132 (e.g., S1, etc.). The eNBs 105 may also communicate with oneanother, e.g., directly or indirectly via backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2,etc.) and/or via backhaul links 132 (e.g., through core network 130).The system 100 may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. Forsynchronous operation, the eNBs may have similar frame and/or gatingtiming, and transmissions from different eNBs may be approximatelyaligned in time. For asynchronous operation, the eNBs may have differentframe and/or gating timing, and transmissions from different eNBs maynot be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used foreither synchronous or asynchronous operations.

The UEs 115 are dispersed throughout the system 100, and each UE may bestationary or mobile. A UE 115 may also be referred to by those skilledin the art as a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, asubscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, awireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, amobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, awireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobileclient, a client, or some other suitable terminology. A UE 115 may be acellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, awireless communication device, a handheld device, a tablet computer, alaptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station,or the like. A UE may be able to communicate with macro eNBs, pico eNBs,femto eNBs, relays, and the like.

The communications links 125 shown in system 100 may include uplink (UL)transmissions from a mobile device 115 to a base station 105, and/ordownlink (DL) transmissions, from a base station 105 to a mobile device115. The downlink transmissions may also be called forward linktransmissions while the uplink transmissions may also be called reverselink transmissions. The downlink transmissions may be made using alicensed spectrum (e.g., LTE), an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., LTE/LTE-Awith unlicensed spectrum), or both (LTE/LTE-A with/without unlicensedspectrum). Similarly, the uplink transmissions may be made using alicensed spectrum (e.g., LTE), an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., LTE/LTE-Awith unlicensed spectrum), or both (LTE/LTE-A with/without unlicensedspectrum).

In some embodiments of the system 100, various deployment scenarios forLTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum may be supported including asupplemental downlink (SDL) mode in which LTE downlink capacity in alicensed spectrum may be offloaded to an unlicensed spectrum, a carrieraggregation mode in which both LTE downlink and uplink capacity may beoffloaded from a licensed spectrum to an unlicensed spectrum, and astandalone mode in which LTE downlink and uplink communications betweena base station (e.g., eNB) and a UE may take place in an unlicensedspectrum. Base stations 105 as well as UEs 115 may support one or moreof these or similar modes of operation. OFDMA communications signals maybe used in the communications links 125 for LTE downlink transmissionsin an unlicensed spectrum, while SC-FDMA communications signals may beused in the communications links 125 for LTE uplink transmissions in anunlicensed spectrum. Additional details regarding the implementation ofLTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum deployment scenarios or modes ofoperation in a system such as the system 100, as well as other featuresand functions related to the operation of LTE/LTE-A with unlicensedspectrum, are provided below with reference to FIGS. 2A-9.

Turning next to FIG. 2A, a diagram 200 shows examples of a supplementaldownlink mode and of a carrier aggregation mode for an LTE network thatsupports LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum. The diagram 200 may be anexample of portions of the system 100 of FIG. 1. Moreover, the basestation 105-a may be an example of the base stations 105 of FIG. 1,while the UEs 115-a may be examples of the UEs 115 of FIG. 1.

In the example of a supplemental downlink mode in diagram 200, the basestation 105-a may transmit OFDMA communications signals to a UE 115-ausing a downlink 205. The downlink 205 is associated with a frequency F1in an unlicensed spectrum. The base station 105-a may transmit OFDMAcommunications signals to the same UE 115-a using a bidirectional link210 and may receive SC-FDMA communications signals from that UE 115-ausing the bidirectional link 210. The bidirectional link 210 isassociated with a frequency F4 in a licensed spectrum. The downlink 205in the unlicensed spectrum and the bidirectional link 210 in thelicensed spectrum may operate concurrently. The downlink 205 may providea downlink capacity offload for the base station 105-a. In someembodiments, the downlink 205 may be used for unicast services (e.g.,addressed to one UE) services or for multicast services (e.g., addressedto several UEs). This scenario may occur with any service provider(e.g., traditional mobile network operator or MNO) that uses a licensedspectrum and needs to relieve some of the traffic and/or signalingcongestion.

In one example of a carrier aggregation mode in diagram 200, the basestation 105-a may transmit OFDMA communications signals to a UE 115-ausing a bidirectional link 215 and may receive SC-FDMA communicationssignals from the same UE 115-a using the bidirectional link 215. Thebidirectional link 215 is associated with the frequency F1 in theunlicensed spectrum. The base station 105-a may also transmit OFDMAcommunications signals to the same UE 115-a using a bidirectional link220 and may receive SC-FDMA communications signals from the same UE115-a using the bidirectional link 220. The bidirectional link 220 isassociated with a frequency F2 in a licensed spectrum. The bidirectionallink 215 may provide a downlink and uplink capacity offload for the basestation 105-a. Like the supplemental downlink described above, thisscenario may occur with any service provider (e.g., MNO) that uses alicensed spectrum and needs to relieve some of the traffic and/orsignaling congestion.

In another example of a carrier aggregation mode in diagram 200, thebase station 105-a may transmit OFDMA communications signals to a UE115-a using a bidirectional link 225 and may receive SC-FDMAcommunications signals from the same UE 115-a using the bidirectionallink 225. The bidirectional link 225 is associated with the frequency F3in an unlicensed spectrum. The base station 105-a may also transmitOFDMA communications signals to the same UE 115-a using a bidirectionallink 230 and may receive SC-FDMA communications signals from the same UE115-a using the bidirectional link 230. The bidirectional link 230 isassociated with the frequency F2 in the licensed spectrum. Thebidirectional link 225 may provide a downlink and uplink capacityoffload for the base station 105-a. This example and those providedabove are presented for illustrative purposes and there may be othersimilar modes of operation or deployment scenarios that combineLTE/LTE-A with or without unlicensed spectrum for capacity offload.

As described above, the typical service provider that may benefit fromthe capacity offload offered by using LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrumis a traditional MNO with LTE spectrum. For these service providers, anoperational configuration may include a bootstrapped mode (e.g.,supplemental downlink, carrier aggregation) that uses the LTE primarycomponent carrier (PCC) on the licensed spectrum and the LTE secondarycomponent carrier (SCC) on the unlicensed spectrum.

In the supplemental downlink mode, control for LTE/LTE-A with unlicensedspectrum may be transported over the LTE uplink (e.g., uplink portion ofthe bidirectional link 210). One of the reasons to provide downlinkcapacity offload is because data demand is largely driven by downlinkconsumption. Moreover, in this mode, there may not be a regulatoryimpact since the UE is not transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum.There is no need to implement listen-before-talk (LBT) or carrier sensemultiple access (CSMA) requirements on the UE. However, LBT may beimplemented on the base station (e.g., eNB) by, for example, using aperiodic (e.g., every 10 milliseconds) clear channel assessment (CCA)and/or a grab-and-relinquish mechanism aligned to a radio frameboundary.

In the carrier aggregation mode, data and control may be communicated inLTE (e.g., bidirectional links 210, 220, and 230) while data may becommunicated in LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum (e.g., bidirectionallinks 215 and 225). The carrier aggregation mechanisms supported whenusing LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum may fall under a hybridfrequency division duplexing-time division duplexing (FDD-TDD) carrieraggregation or a TDD-TDD carrier aggregation with different symmetryacross component carriers.

FIG. 2B shows a diagram 200-a that illustrates an example of astandalone mode for LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum. The diagram200-a may be an example of portions of the system 100 of FIG. 1.Moreover, the base station 105-b may be an example of the base stations105 of FIG. 1 and the base station 105-a of FIG. 2A, while the UE 115-bmay be an example of the UEs 115 of FIG. 1 and the UEs 115-a of FIG. 2A.

In the example of a standalone mode in diagram 200-a, the base station105-b may transmit OFDMA communications signals to the UE 115-b using abidirectional link 240 and may receive SC-FDMA communications signalsfrom the UE 115-b using the bidirectional link 240. The bidirectionallink 240 is associated with the frequency F3 in an unlicensed spectrumdescribed above with reference to FIG. 2A. The standalone mode may beused in non-traditional wireless access scenarios, such as in-stadiumaccess (e.g., unicast, multicast). The typical service provider for thismode of operation may be a stadium owner, cable company, event hosts,hotels, enterprises, and large corporations that do not have licensedspectrum. For these service providers, an operational configuration forthe standalone mode may use the PCC on the unlicensed spectrum.Moreover, LBT may be implemented on both the base station and the UE.

Turning next to FIG. 3, a diagram 300 illustrates an example of carrieraggregation when using LTE concurrently in licensed and unlicensedspectrum according to various embodiments. The carrier aggregationscheme in diagram 300 may correspond to the hybrid FDD-TDD carrieraggregation described above with reference to FIG. 2A. This type ofcarrier aggregation may be used in at least portions of the system 100of FIG. 1. Moreover, this type of carrier aggregation may be used in thebase stations 105 and 105-a of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2A, respectively, and/orin the UEs 115 and 115-a of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2A, respectively.

In this example, an FDD (FDD-LTE) may be performed in connection withLTE in the downlink, a first TDD (TDD1) may be performed in connectionwith LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrum, a second TDD (TDD2) may beperformed in connection with LTE with licensed spectrum, and another FDD(FDD-LTE) may be performed in connection with LTE in the uplink withlicensed spectrum. TDD1 results in a DL:UL ratio of 6:4, while the ratiofor TDD2 is 7:3. On the time scale, the different effective DL:UL ratiosare 3:1, 1:3, 2:2, 3:1, 2:2, and 3:1. This example is presented forillustrative purposes and there may be other carrier aggregation schemesthat combine the operations of LTE/LTE-A with or without unlicensedspectrum.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a design of a base station/eNB 105 and aUE 115, which may be one of the base stations/eNBs and one of the UEs inFIG. 1. The eNB 105 may be equipped with antennas 434 a through 434 t,and the UE 115 may be equipped with antennas 452 a through 452 r. At theeNB 105, a transmit processor 420 may receive data from a data source412 and control information from a controller/processor 440. The controlinformation may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physicalcontrol format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical hybrid automaticrepeat request indicator channel (PHICH), physical downlink controlchannel (PDCCH), etc. The data may be for the physical downlink sharedchannel (PDSCH), etc. The transmit processor 420 may process (e.g.,encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain datasymbols and control symbols, respectively. The transmit processor 420may also generate reference symbols, e.g., for the primarysynchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS),and cell-specific reference signal. A transmit (TX) multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) processor 430 may perform spatial processing(e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and/or thereference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streamsto the modulators (MODs) 432 a through 432 t. Each modulator 432 mayprocess a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) toobtain an output sample stream. Each modulator 432 may further process(e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the outputsample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals frommodulators 432 a through 432 t may be transmitted via the antennas 434 athrough 434 t, respectively.

At the UE 115, the antennas 452 a through 452 r may receive the downlinksignals from the eNB 105 and may provide received signals to thedemodulators (DEMODs) 454 a through 454 r, respectively. Eachdemodulator 454 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, anddigitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Eachdemodulator 454 may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM,etc.) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector 456 may obtainreceived symbols from all the demodulators 454 a through 454 r, performMIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and providedetected symbols. A receive processor 458 may process (e.g., demodulate,deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data forthe UE 115 to a data sink 460, and provide decoded control informationto a controller/processor 480.

On the uplink, at the UE 115, a transmit processor 464 may receive andprocess data (e.g., for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)) froma data source 462 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplinkcontrol channel (PUCCH)) from the controller/processor 480. The transmitprocessor 464 may also generate reference symbols for a referencesignal. The symbols from the transmit processor 464 may be precoded by aTX MIMO processor 466 if applicable, further processed by thedemodulators 454 a through 454 r (e.g., for SC-FDM, etc.), andtransmitted to the eNB 105. At the eNB 105, the uplink signals from theUE 115 may be received by the antennas 434, processed by the modulators432, detected by a MIMO detector 436 if applicable, and furtherprocessed by a receive processor 438 to obtain decoded data and controlinformation sent by the UE 115. The processor 438 may provide thedecoded data to a data sink 439 and the decoded control information tothe controller/processor 440.

The controllers/processors 440 and 480 may direct the operation at theeNB 105 and the UE 115, respectively. The controller/processor 440and/or other processors and modules at the eNB 105 may perform or directthe execution of various processes for the techniques described herein.The controllers/processor 480 and/or other processors and modules at theUE 115 may also perform or direct the execution of the functional blocksillustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9, and/or other processes for the techniquesdescribed herein. The memories 442 and 482 may store data and programcodes for the eNB 105 and the UE 115, respectively. A scheduler 444 mayschedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and/or uplink.

Various configurations of LTE/LTE-A networks using unlicensed spectrummay provide for access of the unlicensed spectrum using a frame-basedstructure. Frame-based designs for LTE/LTE-A with unlicensed spectrumoffer many advantages, including common design elements shared withstandard LTE systems that use only licensed spectrum. Frame-basedsystems perform CCA checks at a fixed time during the frame, where thefixed time is usually a small fraction of the frame (typically around5%). For example, CCA checks may occur in the special subframes in oneof seven symbols after the guard period of the special subframe. When aload-based system occupies a channel, transmission gaps occurringbetween transmission bursts of the load-based system may not always fallinto the CCA period of a frame-based system. Load-based systemsgenerally transmit when there is data in its buffer and will oftencapture the channel until buffer is exhausted. In LTE/LTE-A withunlicensed spectrum, for the frame structure of load-based equipment,the equipment may perform an extended CCA (ECCA) check, in which theoperating channel is observed for the duration of a random factor Nmultiplied by the CCA observation time. N defines the number of clearidle slots resulting in a total idle period to be observed beforeinitiation of the transmission. The value of N may be randomly selectedin a range between 1 and the variable, q, every time an ECCA occurs. Theselected value of N is then stored in a counter. In various systems, thevalue of q may be selected by the manufacturer in a range of 4 to 32.

The generation of the random number N may be a function of frame index,public land mobile network (PLMN) identifier (ID), and/or subframeindex. Aligning the generation of N across cells of the same operatorassists in aligning idle time/transmission time among different cells orUEs of the same operator and, consequently, assists in increasingfrequency reuse within the same operator.

Because transmissions from neighboring eNBs could potentially blockother neighbor eNB transmissions, it is beneficial to have ECCAalignment between such neighboring eNBs. Thus, it would be beneficialfor eNBs of the same operator to start downlink transmissionssimultaneously, in order to increase frequency reuse across cells.Otherwise, if one eNB has a CCA or ECCA clearance and begins immediatelyto transmit before a neighboring eNB has detected clearance, the firsteNB's transmission will interfere with the neighboring eNB, potentiallycausing the neighboring eNB's CCA or ECCA check to fail, thus, blockingtransmissions from the neighboring eNB. Similarly, it may also bebeneficial to have ECCA alignment between neighboring UEs so that theneighboring UEs nominally do not block each other.

To obtain such ECCA alignment between neighboring eNBs and UEs,generation of the random parameter N can be aligned among eNBs of thesame operator (e.g., using a common seed and providing forcell-independent generation). Additionally, a resynchronization(re-sync) boundary may also be defined for the first transmission in aframe. Thus, if a node detects CCA or ECCA clearance before the re-syncboundary, that node will delay transmission until the re-sync boundaryand re-perform a CCA check prior to transmission just before the re-syncboundary.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating communication frames 502 and 503of two load-based UEs, UE 500 and UE 501, within a transmission segment50. UE 500 is configured with a communication frame 502, and UE 501 isconfigured with a communication frame 503, each having uplink, downlink,and special subframes configured for uplink and downlink communications.The network also defines uplink re-sync boundaries 504 and 510 in orderto align the ECCA process for UEs 500-501. In one example operation, UE500 finishes counting down for ECCA 505, and UE 501 finishes countingdown for ECCA 506, both prior to uplink re-sync boundary 504. Moreover,UE 500 finishes ECCA 505 before UE 501 finishes ECCA 506. If UE 500 wereto begin transmitting immediately after ECCA 505, the transmission fromUE 500 may cause ECCA 506 to fail, thus, preventing UE 501 fromtransmitting the data in its buffer. Instead, each of UEs 500 and 501wait after finishing ECCA 505 and 506, respectively, to begintransmissions after re-sync boundary 504. However, since addition timepasses after each of ECCA 505 and 506, UEs 500 and 501 perform CCAchecks 508 and 509, respectively, prior to re-sync boundary 504.

The re-synchronization procedure helps improve frequency reuse. However,this improvement in reuse comes at the expense of additional complexityand some inefficiency for a given node. For example, a node cannot begintransmitting immediately after CCA/ECCA clearance if the re-syncboundary has not yet been reached. During the idle period before there-sync boundary, there is the potential that other nodes (e.g., WiFi,non-aligned neighbor nodes from other operators, etc.) may begintransmissions and occupy the channel.

In some cases, there may be no need to have a re-sync procedure, whilein other cases, it may actually be detrimental to have a re-syncprocedure. For example, in isolated deployments, there would be no needto have a re-sync procedure, as the likelihood for multiple UEs to bepresent within the isolated certain coverage area may be remote.Furthermore, in a given frame, if a UE is scheduled for transmission inthe first uplink subframe after the uplink re-sync boundary but is alsoscheduled in later uplink subframes, there may reason for implementing are-sync operation in the later uplink subframes, even thoughtransmission in the first scheduled subframe may be unnecessary.

In various aspects of the present disclosure, a re-sync procedure ismanaged on a per node basis. Thus, each node (e.g., base station, eNB,etc.) can determine whether the re-sync procedure is enabled/availableor not. For example, an eNB can indicate whether it supports downlink oruplink re-sync procedures in a system information broadcast message. TheUE may be further configured either semi-statically (e.g., through a RRCmessage) or dynamically (e.g., through a downlink control indicator(DCI) message) whether uplink re-sync procedures are enabled/availableor not for a given frame or subframe.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating wireless network 60 configuredaccording to one aspect of the present disclosure. Wireless network 60includes base stations 600-602, which are operated by the same wirelessnetwork operator and base station 603, which is a neighboring basestation operated by a different wireless network operator. Each of basestations 600-603 are configured for communications with a radio accesstechnology (RAT) that may use both licensed and unlicensed spectrum. Inone example, base stations 600-603 may operate using LTE/LTE-a withunlicensed spectrum.

In one aspect for aligning ECCA within wireless network 60, basestations 600-602 may communicate with each other over backhaul 607 inorder to coordinate selection of a re-sync process. Base stations600-602 may coordinate selection of both a downlink re-sync process andan uplink re-sync process. Once the configuration of the downlink and/oruplink re-sync process is selected, base stations 600-602 beginbroadcasting an enablement status that indicates to other base stationsand to UEs 604-606, that a downlink re-sync process is enabled. Basestations 600-602 may also transmit enablement status for uplink re-syncprocesses to UEs 604-606. Such uplink enablement statuses may bebroadcast to all UEs or may be specifically transmitted to a particularUE in UE-specific search space.

For example, UE 604 may be indicated with a different uplink/downlinksubframe configuration from UE 605. Accordingly, base station 600 mayselect different configurations of re-sync processes for each UE. Basestation 600 may then transmit each uplink enablement status thatcorresponds to the selected re-sync process configuration to theparticular UE for which the re-sync process configuration has beenselected. Base station 600 would transmit such uplink enablement statusindicators over UE-specific search space.

It should be noted that aspects of the present disclosure may providefor a mapping between the particular uplink/downlink subframeconfiguration and a corresponding re-sync process configuration. Anuplink/downlink subframe configuration may be configured, such that a UEwill be indicated to have two or more re-sync boundaries in a frame. Forexample, a downlink/uplink subframe configuration with the sequence,DDSUUUUUUS′, may have two uplink re-sync boundaries defined. The firstre-sync boundary may be defined one-symbol before the first uplinksubframe, while the second re-sync boundary may be defined one-symbolbefore the fourth uplink subframe. The indications for the number andlocation of re-sync may be standardized through updates to currentspecification that provide a mapping between particular subframeconfigurations and their corresponding number and location of re-syncboundaries. The indications of re-sync boundaries may also be providedby an eNB through various signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, DCI signaling,etc.)

Additionally, when multiple re-sync boundaries are defined in a givenframe, UEs may be further indicated to not transmit for a predefined ordynamically-defined duration right before the re-sync boundaries. Thepre-re-sync boundary idle time may facilitate the re-sync procedure.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a transmission segment 70 overunlicensed spectrum in a wireless system configured according to oneaspect of the present disclosure. Transmission segment 70 illustratestransmission streams 702 and 703 from UEs 700 and 701. Each of UEs 700and 701 is indicated with an uplink/downlink subframe configurationDDSUUUUUUS′. The base station serving UEs 700 and 701 (not shown)selects a re-sync procedure configuration that provides for two re-syncboundaries 704 and 705. Prior to re-sync boundary 704, each of UEs 700and 701 will perform a CCA check, CCA checks 706 and 707, beforebeginning uplink transmissions on the first uplink subframe of theframe. Each of UEs 700 and 701 will also perform a CCA check, CCA checks708 and 709, before beginning uplink transmissions after re-syncboundary 705. The re-sync procedure configuration that defines re-syncboundaries 704 and 705 also instruct UEs 700 and 701 to refrain fromtransmissions for a duration 710 prior to re-sync boundary 705. Thissilent period will prevent any transmissions from either of UEs 700 or701 from interfering with the CCA checks of the other UE at re-syncboundary 705.

It should be noted that the silent or idle period before subsequentre-sync boundaries may be obtained by UEs in multiple ways depending onthe aspect of the disclosure implemented. For example, the silent oridle period may be explicitly indicated to UEs through the enablementstatus message that indicates which re-sync process configuration isselected. In other aspects, the silent or idle period may be defined instandards information and known to UEs as connected with the particularre-sync process configuration. The present disclosure is not limited toany particular means for delivering such information to UEs.

Referring back to FIG. 6, in additional aspects of the presentdisclosure, base station 603, which is operated by a different wirelessnetwork operator than base stations 600-602, may also conform to thedownlink re-sync process for aligning ECCA within wireless network 60.In one example aspect, base station 603 may directly communicate withbase stations 600-602 over a communication link 608 to participate inthe coordination of the re-sync process selection. In another exampleaspect, base station 603 may receive and read the enablement statusinformation broadcast by base stations 600-602 in various systeminformation blocks. Base station 603 would then use the indication forthe downlink re-sync process in the system information block toconfigure its own re-sync boundaries for downlink communications.

In an additional aspect of the present disclosure, base station 601 maydetermine that only UE 606 is scheduled for communication within itscoverage area. As such, base station 601 transmits an enablement statusto UE 606 that indicates no uplink re-sync procedure will be available.

Enablement status signals may be transmitted by base stations 600-603either semi-statically, such as through layer 3 signaling (e.g., radioresource control (RRC) signaling), or dynamically, such as through layer1 signaling (e.g., downlink control indicator (DCI) signaling) and maybe provided for on a frame or subframe basis. For example, at a time,t1, both UEs 604 and 605 are present within the coverage area of basestation 600. A selected re-sync procedure that defines re-syncboundaries is indicated to UEs 604 and 605 through an enablement statusindicator in an RRC message. In response to this message, UEs 604 and605 configure transmissions based on the re-sync boundary or boundariesdefined by the re-synch procedure associated with the enablement statusindicator. At time, t2, UE 604 has moved out of the coverage area ofbase station 600, while UE 605 remains. Because base station 600 willonly be scheduling communications for UE 605, it transmits an updatedenablement status indicator in a DCI message, which indicates to UE 605that no re-sync procedure will be used for the next subframe or frame.Accordingly, as soon as UE 605 detects a clear ECCA, it may begin totransmit immediately in that subframe or frame.

In order to achieve a finer control over ECCA alignment, a re-syncprocedure configured according to additional aspects of the presentdisclosure may be managed on a per frame basis, such that some framesmay use re-sync procedure, while others do not. For example, asillustrated before, if an eNB schedules only one UE in a frame, therewould be no need to perform an uplink re-sync procedure for thatparticular frame. The eNB may provide an indication to the UE to omitany uplink re-sync procedures for that frame

FIG. 8 is a functional block diagram illustrating example blocksexecuted to implement one aspect of the present disclosure. At block800, a base station determines a downlink enablement status for adownlink re-sync procedure over an unlicensed spectrum. The base stationmay determine and select such a downlink re-sync procedure by itself orthrough coordination with neighboring base stations. The coordinationmay occur with other base stations operated by the same wireless networkoperator, for example over the X2 or other such backhaul links, and mayalso occur with neighboring base stations from other wireless networkoperators, for example through other communication means. A base stationmay also make a determination for a particular re-sync procedure byreading the system information broadcast messages from neighboring basestations that broadcast enablement status messages indicatingneighboring re-sync procedures. At block 801, the base station transmitsa downlink status indication that identifies the downlink enablementstatus and corresponding re-sync process configuration for the node,frame, or subframe.

Similarly, the base station may also select an uplink re-sync procedurefor operation within its coverage area. Once selected, the base stationtransmits the selected procedure, through an enablement status messageto served UEs. The transmission of the enablement status may beimplemented through a broadcast message to all served UEs or may betransmitted directly to individual UEs within the UE-specific searchspace.

FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram illustrating example blocksexecuted to implement one aspect of the present disclosure. At block900, a UE receives an indication identifying an uplink re-sync procedurefor an unlicensed spectrum. The indication may be received directly froma serving base station or may be received through system informationbroadcast messages from the serving base station. The indication mayalso semi-statically or dynamically set the uplink re-sync procedure forthe next frames or subframes.

At block 901, as a load-based equipment, the UE will make determinationof whether there is data in its buffer ready for transmission. If not,the UE will continue to wait until it detects data in the buffer. Ifthere is data in the buffer for transmission, then, at block 902, the UEperforms an ECCA check to check whether the unlicensed channel isavailable for transmission. At block 903, a determination is madewhether the ECCA check is clear. If other transmissions are detected onthe unlicensed channel, the UE will back off for a period and continuethe ECCA cheek for the designated ECCA length, Otherwise, if the ECCAcheck is detected to be clear, then, at block 904, another determinationis made whether the re-sync boundary defined by the enabled re-syncprocedure has been reached. If not, then, at block 905, the UE delaystransmission of the data.

At block 904, if the re-sync boundary has been reached, then, at block906, the UE performs a CCA check to determine if the unlicensed channelis still available for transmission. Because the UE may have entered anidle or silent period while waiting for the re-sync boundary afterperforming a successful ECCA check at block 902, other transmitters,such as WIFI or other unlicensed transmissions, may have beguntransmitting on the unlicensed channel. At block 907, a determination ismade whether the CCA check is detected to be clear. If not, then, the UEwill not transmit, but perform another ECCA check at block 902 and beginthe process again for transmissions at the next re-sync boundary.Otherwise, if the CCA check is detected as clear, at block 907, the UEwill begin transmitting the data in the buffer at block 908.

Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signalsmay be represented using any of a variety of different technologies andtechniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information,signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout theabove description may be represented by voltages, currents,electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields orparticles, or any combination thereof.

The functional blocks and modules in FIGS. 8 and 9 may compriseprocessors, electronics devices, hardware devices, electronicscomponents, logical circuits, memories, software codes, firmware codes,etc., or any combination thereof.

Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrativelogical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described inconnection with the disclosure herein may be implemented as electronichardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearlyillustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, variousillustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have beendescribed above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether suchfunctionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon theparticular application and design constraints imposed on the overallsystem. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality invarying ways for each particular application, but such implementationdecisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from thescope of the present disclosure. Skilled artisans will also readilyrecognize that the order or combination of components, methods, orinteractions that are described herein are merely examples and that thecomponents, methods, or interactions of the various aspects of thepresent disclosure may be combined or performed in ways other than thoseillustrated and described herein.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits describedin connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performedwith a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmablegate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate ortransistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combinationthereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Ageneral-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in thealternative, the processor may be any conventional processor,controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also beimplemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combinationof a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one ormore microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other suchconfiguration.

The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with thedisclosure herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a softwaremodule executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. Asoftware module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory,EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, aCD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. Anexemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that theprocessor can read information from, and write information to, thestorage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integralto the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in anASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, theprocessor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in auser terminal.

In one or more exemplary designs, the functions described may beimplemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on ortransmitted over as one or more instructions or code on acomputer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computerstorage media and communication media including any medium thatfacilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.Computer-readable storage media may be any available media that can beaccessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way ofexample, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can compriseRAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that canbe used to carry or store desired program code means in the form ofinstructions or data structures and that can be accessed by ageneral-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose orspecial-purpose processor. Also, a connection may be properly termed acomputer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmittedfrom a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable,fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or digital subscriber line (DSL), thenthe coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or DSL, are includedin the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includescompact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc(DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce datamagnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media.

As used herein, including in the claims, the term “and/or,” when used ina list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items canbe employed by itself, or any combination of two or more of the listeditems can be employed. For example, if a composition is described ascontaining components A, B, and/or C, the composition can contain Aalone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination;B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination. Also, as usedherein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (forexample, a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of”or “one or more of”) indicates a disjunctive list such that, forexample, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C” means A or B or C or ABor AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) and any combinations thereof.

The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable anyperson skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Variousmodifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to thoseskilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may beapplied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scopeof the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited tothe examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded thewidest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosedherein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of wireless communication, comprising:receiving, at a user equipment (UE), an indication identifying an uplinkre-synchronization procedure for use in an unlicensed spectrum;performing, by the UE, an extended clear channel assessment (ECCA)check; delaying transmission, by the UE, in response to successfullycompleting the ECCA check prior to a subframe boundary associated withthe uplink re-synchronization procedure; performing, by the UE, a clearchannel assessment (CCA) check in a subframe preceding the subframeboundary, after performing the ECCA check and without transmitting data;and transmitting, by the UE, the data beginning at the subframe boundaryin response to successfully completing the CCA check, wherein thetransmission is delayed from a current time until successful completionof the CCA check in a subframe preceding the subframe boundary.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the indication indicates use of the uplinkre-synchronization procedure for one of: a frame, or a subframe.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the indication is received one of: through asystem broadcast message; through semi-static signaling; or throughdynamic signaling.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication isreceived through UE-specific search space.
 5. The method of claim 1,further including: receiving, by the UE, a subsequent status indicationin a subsequent frame after the receiving the indication, wherein thesubsequent status indication indicates deactivation of the uplinkre-synchronization procedure.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein theindication corresponds to a configuration of the uplinkre-synchronization procedure having two or more subframe boundarieswithin a single frame.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein theconfiguration of the uplink re-synchronization procedure corresponds toan uplink/downlink subframe configuration associated assigned to the UE,and further including: receiving, by the UE, an idle indicationindicating the UE refrain from transmission for a predetermined durationprior to one or more subframe boundaries defined within the single frameafter a first uplink subframe.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein theindication identifying an uplink re-synchronization procedure furtherindicates the timing of the subframe boundary.
 9. An apparatusconfigured for wireless communication, comprising: means for receiving,at a user equipment (UE), an indication identifying an uplinkre-synchronization procedure for use in an unlicensed spectrum; meansfor performing, by the UE, an extended clear channel assessment (ECCA)check; means for delaying transmission, by the UE, in response tosuccessfully completing the ECCA check prior to a subframe boundaryassociated with the uplink re-synchronization procedure; means forperforming, by the UE, a clear channel assessment (CCA) check in asubframe preceding the subframe boundary, after performing the ECCAcheck and without transmitting data; and means for transmitting, by theUE, the data beginning at the subframe boundary in response tosuccessfully completing the CCA check, wherein the transmission isdelayed from a current time until successful completion of the CCA checkin a subframe preceding the subframe boundary.
 10. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein the indication indicates use of the uplinkre-synchronization procedure for one of: a frame, or a subframe.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the indication is received one of: througha system broadcast message; through semi-static signaling; or throughdynamic signaling.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the indicationis received through UE-specific search space.
 13. The apparatus of claim9, further including: means for receiving, by the UE, a subsequentstatus indication in a subsequent frame after the means for receivingthe indication, wherein the subsequent status indication indicatesdeactivation of the uplink re-synchronization procedure.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the indication corresponds to aconfiguration of the uplink re-synchronization procedure having two ormore subframe boundaries within a single frame.
 15. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium having program code recorded thereon, theprogram code comprising: program code for causing a computer to receive,at a user equipment (UE), an indication identifying an uplinkre-synchronization procedure for use in an unlicensed spectrum; programcode for causing the computer to perform, by the UE, an extended clearchannel assessment (ECCA) check; program code for causing the computerto delay transmission, by the UE, in response to successfully completingthe ECCA check prior to a subframe boundary associated with the uplinkre-synchronization procedure; program code for causing the computer toperform, by the UE, a clear channel assessment (CCA) check in a subframepreceding the subframe boundary, after performing the ECCA check andwithout transmitting data; and program code for causing the computer totransmit, by the UE, data beginning at the subframe boundary in responseto successfully completing the CCA check, wherein the transmission isdelayed from a current time until successful completion of the CCA checkin a subframe preceding the subframe boundary.
 16. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the indication indicatesuse of the uplink re-synchronization procedure for one of: a frame, or asubframe.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15,wherein the indication is received one of: through a system broadcastmessage; through semi-static signaling; or through dynamic signaling.18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein theindication is received through UE-specific search space.
 19. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, further including:program code for causing the computer to receive, by the UE, asubsequent status indication in a subsequent frame after the receivingthe indication, wherein the subsequent status indication indicatesdeactivation of the uplink re-synchronization procedure.
 20. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein theindication corresponds to a configuration of the uplinkre-synchronization procedure having two or more subframe boundarieswithin a single frame.
 21. The non-transitory computer-readable mediumof claim 20, wherein the configuration of the uplink re-synchronizationprocedure corresponds to an uplink/downlink subframe configurationassociated assigned to the UE.
 22. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 20, further including: program code for causing thecomputer to receive, by the UE, an idle indication indicating the UE torefrain from transmission for a predetermined duration prior to one ormore subframe boundaries defined within the single frame after a firstuplink subframe.
 23. An apparatus configured for wireless communication,the apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and a memory coupledto the at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor isconfigured: to receive, at a user equipment (UE), an indicationidentifying an uplink re-synchronization procedure for use in anunlicensed spectrum; to perform, by the UE, an extended clear channelassessment (ECCA) check; to delay transmission, by the UE, in responseto successfully completing the ECCA check prior to a subframe boundaryassociated with the uplink re-synchronization procedure; to perform, bythe UE, a clear channel assessment (CCA) check in a subframe precedingthe subframe boundary after performing the ECCA check and withouttransmitting data; and to transmit, by the UE, the data beginning at thesubframe boundary in response to successfully completing the CCA check,wherein the transmission is delayed from a current time until successfulcompletion of the CCA check in a subframe preceding the subframeboundary.
 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the indicationindicates use of the uplink re-synchronization procedure for one of: aframe, or a subframe.
 25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein theindication is received one of: through a system broadcast message;through semi-static signaling; or through dynamic signaling.
 26. Theapparatus of claim 23, wherein the indication is received throughUE-specific search space.
 27. The apparatus of claim 23, furtherincluding configuration of the at least one processor to receive, by theUE, a subsequent status indication in a subsequent frame after thereceiving the indication, wherein the subsequent status indicationindicates deactivation of the uplink re-synchronization procedure. 28.The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the indication corresponds to aconfiguration of the uplink re-synchronization procedure having two ormore subframe boundaries within a single frame.
 29. The apparatus ofclaim 28, wherein the configuration of the uplink re-synchronizationprocedure corresponds to an uplink/downlink subframe configurationassociated assigned to the UE.
 30. The apparatus of claim 28, furtherincluding configuration of the at least one processor to receive, by theUE, an idle indication indicating the UE to refrain from transmissionfor a predetermined duration prior to one or more subframe boundariesdefined within the single frame after a first uplink subframe.